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extinction$26931$ - перевод на итальянский
![[[Diamond]]s have a very high refractive index of 2.417.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Brillanten.jpg?width=200 "[[Diamond]]s have a very high refractive index of 2.417.")
![A [[calcite]] crystal laid upon a paper with some letters showing [[double refraction]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Calcite.jpg?width=200 "A [[calcite]] crystal laid upon a paper with some letters showing [[double refraction]]")
![power]] of a [[magnifying glass]] is determined by the shape and refractive index of the lens.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lupa.na.encyklopedii.jpg?width=200 "power]] of a [[magnifying glass]] is determined by the shape and refractive index of the lens.")
![Birefringent materials can give rise to colors when placed between crossed polarizers. This is the basis for [[photoelasticity]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Plastic Protractor Polarized 05375.jpg?width=200 "Birefringent materials can give rise to colors when placed between crossed polarizers. This is the basis for [[photoelasticity]].")
![[[Refraction]] of light at the interface between two media of different refractive indices, with ''n''<sub>2</sub> > ''n''<sub>1</sub>. Since the [[phase velocity]] is lower in the second medium (''v''<sub>2</sub> < ''v''<sub>1</sub>), the angle of refraction ''θ''<sub>2</sub> is less than the angle of incidence ''θ''<sub>1</sub>; that is, the ray in the higher-index medium is closer to the normal.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Snells law.svg?width=200 "[[Refraction]] of light at the interface between two media of different refractive indices, with ''n''<sub>2</sub> > ''n''<sub>1</sub>. Since the [[phase velocity]] is lower in the second medium (''v''<sub>2</sub> < ''v''<sub>1</sub>), the angle of refraction ''θ''<sub>2</sub> is less than the angle of incidence ''θ''<sub>1</sub>; that is, the ray in the higher-index medium is closer to the normal.")
![The colors of a [[soap bubble]] are determined by the [[optical path length]] through the thin soap film in a phenomenon called [[thin-film interference]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Soap bubble sky.jpg?width=200 "The colors of a [[soap bubble]] are determined by the [[optical path length]] through the thin soap film in a phenomenon called [[thin-film interference]].")
![A [[split-ring resonator]] array arranged to produce a negative index of refraction for [[microwaves]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Split-ring resonator array 10K sq nm.jpg?width=200 "A [[split-ring resonator]] array arranged to produce a negative index of refraction for [[microwaves]]")
![In [[optical mineralogy]], [[thin section]]s are used to study rocks. The method is based on the distinct refractive indices of different [[mineral]]s.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Thin section scan crossed polarizers Siilinjärvi R636-105.90.jpg?width=200 "In [[optical mineralogy]], [[thin section]]s are used to study rocks. The method is based on the distinct refractive indices of different [[mineral]]s.")
![Thomas Young]] coined the term ''index of refraction''.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Thomas Young (scientist).jpg?width=200 "Thomas Young]] coined the term ''index of refraction''.")
![[[Total internal reflection]] can be seen at the air-water boundary.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Total internal reflection of Chelonia mydas.jpg?width=200 "[[Total internal reflection]] can be seen at the air-water boundary.")
![Light of different colors has slightly different refractive indices in water and therefore shows up at different positions in the [[rainbow]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/WhereRainbowRises.jpg?width=200 "Light of different colors has slightly different refractive indices in water and therefore shows up at different positions in the [[rainbow]].")
Определение
Википедия
Extinction is a behavioral phenomenon observed in both operantly conditioned and classically conditioned behavior, which manifests itself by fading of non-reinforced conditioned response over time. When operant behavior that has been previously reinforced no longer produces reinforcing consequences the behavior gradually stops occurring. In classical conditioning, when a conditioned stimulus is presented alone, so that it no longer predicts the coming of the unconditioned stimulus, conditioned responding gradually stops. For example, after Pavlov's dog was conditioned to salivate at the sound of a metronome, it eventually stopped salivating to the metronome after the metronome had been sounded repeatedly but no food came. Many anxiety disorders such as post traumatic stress disorder are believed to reflect, at least in part, a failure to extinguish conditioned fear.
